Vertical observations indicate the differences between the slope observed and calculated. The general formula is:
where:
- García Balboa, J. L. ,Ruiz Armenteros, A. M. & Mesa Mingorance, J. L. (2011). Evaluation of the measurement uncertainty of angles, distancies and changes in level measured with topographic instrumentation. Mapping 149, 6-27. (http://coello.ujaen.es/publicaciones/Garcia-Ruiz-Mesa_2011_Mapping_Evaluacion_incertidumbre.pdf , last access: August 2013)
- García-Asenjo, L., Hernández, D. & Llácer, C. (2004). Study about the influence of geodesic corrections on topographic works carried out as from classical measurements and GPS. 8th National Topography and Mapping Congress TOPCART2004.
- Wolf, P.R. & Ghilani, C.D. (1996). Adjustment computations: statistic and least squares in surveying and GIS.
- Brinker, R. C. & Minnick, R. (1995). The Surveying Handbook.
TcpMDT
